• An Industrial Past
• HoMa Industrial or Modish
• Possible Future

An Industrial Past

Both, Hochelaga and Maisonneuve were created in the 1600s, though it was not until the 1800s that the communities' frameworks materialized. Moreover, material and production are two words that accurately described the area at that time. Both districts were known primarily for their manufacturing qualities. Hochelaga-Maisonneuve quickly became a popular spot to set up factories owned by many rich French-Canadian business men, who owned glass, shoes, textile shops among many other needed items ("A City by Design."  ). Indeed, the area was  relatively booming during the industrial era. Things quickly changed with the dawn of World War One ("Neighbourhood Hochelaga-Maisonneuve"). Manufacturing companies focused mostly onproduction of defense weapons in World War Two, which gave the economy a small boost.

Increased production and technology led to the creation of beautiful buildings and streets. Additional services like purifying water, sewage and public transportation were needed. Correspondingly, this came with a cost. The borough accumulated a debt of 18million dollars and eventually had to merge with the city of Montreal ("A City by Design").

After this, the east end kept its roots as a manufacturing company. With the growth of political tensions in Quebec and the lack of business interest many companies moved away (ibid).

(Relics of Hochelaga-Maisonneuve's past: © McCord Museum)

HoMa Industrial or Modish?

Has Hochelaga-Maisonneuve remained an industrialized and unlivable area? Maybe. It is at the very least still industrial, since there are many business and manufacturing companies that do preside. Lantic Sugar and the Port of Montreal are two examples of the industrialism that persists. Whether Hochelaga-Maisonneuve's, or more modernly called HoMa, is a livable area.

(Olympic Stadium Practically empty at Expos baseball game. Photo Credit: Wikipedia)

First of all, Hochelaga-Maisonneuve is one of Montreal's most important touristic areas. This includes hot ticket sellers like the Chateau Dufrense Museum, Biodome, Botanical gardens, Insectarium, and imaginably the Planetarium, which is currently being built. Of course, HoMa is also home to one of the most ill regarded places in Montreal: the Olympic Stadium. Unquestionably, Montrealers do have a reason to be question and curse the large bizarre infrastructure, which was the second most expensive stadium in the world. Many news articles have portrayed it as the BIG OWE, since it cost Montrealers $1.5 billion to make and took 30 years to pay off ("Frequently Asked Questions").

One thing that is not focused on quite nearly enough is this positive aspects of the Stadium. Little media coverage focuses on how important and defining an emblem the Big O is. The facts are that:

"The Stadium is an important driver of Quebec's economy. A single Grey-Cup game produces spinoffs worth $50million. A study conducted by Secor in 2009 revealed that the economic spinoffs from Quebec from out of province tourists alone could go as high as 160million per year if the Stadium were used 12 months out of the year, and this is considered an conservative figure". ("The Olympic Stadium: Fact and Fiction")

This is not to mention, that it is a popular image to place on the cover of a postcard. This year the Olympic stadium held L'Esplanade a great festival sponsored by Sun Life. Salsa folie. My favorite nights were on Fridays when the all of the latest food trucks would flavor the borough with their hot-selling items. One of the popular trucks was Grunmman's taco truck, which serves as more than just your average taco with beef.  

Moreover, HoMa may be on the verge of becoming the dernier cri for foodies in Montreal. There are many charming restaurants and cafes that are hopping and perfect for those who tired of the downtown scene. An example of this is HocheCafe located on Ontario street. This cute cafe serves a number of delicious coffees and teas, as well as homemade baked goods and seasonal meals. For a more upscale meal, Hochelaga's Les Canailles and Le Valois have enough savory French cuisine recipes that would convert even the greatest HoMa cynics. Another great feature for those who love great food is HoMa's fresh market Marche Maisonneuve. This market is historically known for serving local fresh foods from Quebec farmers for the last 100 years.

(My plate of salmon tartar and asparagus salad at restaurant Les Canailles)

nother sign of Hochelaga-Maisonneuve's shift towards residential living is the building of condos. Many old factories or worn down buildings are being converted into condos. These condos are quite affordable in comparison to others in the city of Montreal. Benoit Grenier is a swimming coach at the Olympic stadium and is looking to buy a condo in the area. He admitted that he most likely would have frowned upon moving to HoMa, if he were asked a few years back.  Today, he said that he has "looked all over the city and when you consider the quality versus the price of a condos, [Hochelaga-Maisonneuve] is always the best.  Also, Grenier said with a grin, "I've heard people say that it is going to become the new Plateau, because the prices there are not low as they once were". The construction of new condos and restaurants may insinuate that there is a lot of noise, expense and pollution. This is inevitably true, with construction comes all of these less pleasant elements. Yet, sustainable development is a very important issue to the residents of HoMa. Actually, Hochelaga-Maisonneuve is an environmentally friendly area.

In fact it was the first area to be deemed a free-trade town. This means that the citizens of the borough consider and use fair trade options in every day life. There is a bike path which is very easy to access and run down Sherbrooke street (Beaudin). Another smooth bikepath runs throuhg the beautiufl Maisonneuve Park . Maisonneuve Park is a large lots of fresh green space, located next to the Olympic park, that is ideal for a family picnics, going to a jog, walking the dog or any other leisurely activity.

Residential HoMa

The government recently put forward a proposal to rejuvenate HoMa into a residential area. Specifically it was concerned with  HoMa's metamorphisis into a residential area. This includes maintaining housing, the relationship between residential life and business needs, the protection of plants, trees, parks and cycling paths.  Additionally, it promoted the safeguard infrastructures dedicated to activity, sports, leisure, heritage sites (Leduc, Ivon, and Lyn Thériault Faust). If they follow through with this Hochelaga-Maisonneuve has a chance of becoming a truly well reputed borough. 

Another option is to promote people to come to the area. For example, take a bike ride and a picnic with the family in De Maisonneuve Park and head for ice cream later on. It is, after all, not so far from the center of Montreal. This could be done by advertisements using posters, newspapers, billboards etc.

The city could perhaps encourage the heads of the Als or Impact games, concerts, or other events at the Big O to promote HoMa to its attendees.

Why not go for dinner on decently priced Ontario street, instead of Downtown or Old Montreal? Only by visiting the area will Montreal residents' attitudes change.

So go ahead, make a weekend of it! Be a tourist in your own city and discover HoMa before anyone else does, because this little gem won't be secret for long.

Bibliography

Leduc, Ivon, and Lyn Thériault Faust. "Montreal. Arrondisement de Mercier-Hochelaga Maisonneuve". Plan d'urbanisme de Montréal: Partie II Chapitre 14. Montreal: City of Montreal, 2009. Web.                                             

"The Olympic Stadium: Fact and Fiction" Montreal. Parc Olympique Quebec. 13 July 2001. Web.

"Neighbourhood Hochelaga-Maisonneuve." Montreal Insites. Heritage Montreal, n.d. Web.  20 Sept.2012.             

Beaudin, Monique. "Fair Trade Fair in Hochelaga Maisonneuve This Weekend." Fair Tade Fair in Hochelaga Maisonneuve This Weekend. The Gazette, 12 May 2010. 

"Condo Homa". GuideHabitation.ca. Guide Habitation, n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2012.

Grenier, Benoit. Personal Interview. 22 Sept. 2012.

"A City by Design." McCord Museum. McCord Museum, n.d. Web. 6 Oct. 2012.

The Plateau-Mont Royal is, as far as I am concerned, the beat that keeps the heart of the city contracting. The infamous Montreal borough is sectioned by two of the more popular neighborhoods, "the Plateau" and Mile-End, and hosts the city's densest student population. Two nooks of the same borough differing in language and lifestyle offer Montreal students the option to choose the area that best suits them.

The map below illustrates the Plateau-Mont Royal location as a central organ of the city.

Image source: Flickr

Map source: Wikipedia

Not only can you expect the Plateau to be made up of Francophones, but you also can expect that jobs in the area require a student to be bilingual. As a student, it makes life a whole lot easier to work in the area you live in. With the abundance of cafes, restaurants, and bars throughout the Plateau area, finding a part-time or full-time job is no feat if you can fill the language requirement. You'd never imagine someone asking for a soy milk latte with no foam, to go, and not to forget the cup holder so they don't burn their hand, could possibly freeze your brain and leave you looking like a dear in headlights... unless of course that person speaks so fluid in French that everything they say rolls off their tongue in what seems like one continuous word.  But I digress.

On the other hand, there's the lovely little neighborhood nest of Mile-End.  Mile-End is a predominantly English speaking area, but also a culturally diverse one. Though this is characteristic of Montreal as a whole, it is more so at the forefront in Mile-End. It establishes itself upon a thriving eccentricity by way of a diversified cultural pot full of students, artists, and old settlers. It's a testament to the area in general as the old and the new both make their place comfortably. Eastern European Jews first inhabited Mile-End way back when and still have a strong presence within the community. Adding to the diversity throughout the neighborhood is the great amount of artists that live and work in the area. Every new person I have ever met in the area has either been a musician or filmmaker or painter or photographer. And something about the area, in the air, in the people, is a sense of youth, a sense of creativity. There is this romantic notion about the area that draws you in; that through your art you are contributing something of importance to this community. It's hard not to dig the vibe of a neighborhood where musicians are serenading from the sidewalks with their handmade instruments and photographers are capturing the light from Parc Avenue. 

Mile-End is inviting for an artist, unlike the rigid social rules that can sometimes be felt in the Plateau. In Mile-End, meeting new people is effortless. You sit out on the pavement with the sidewalk musicians and end up making plans to meet at Figaro for Croque Monsieur's the next day. The area exudes cozy and warm, especially when St. Viateur bagel bakery is the only thing open at 2 AM on a Thursday after the bar.  The Plateau misses that charm. 

The Plateau does not miss when it comes to local hangouts.  Coined as "The Main", the Plateau has something for everyone.  From high-end hangouts like Buona Notte to casual hangouts like Korova, the Plateau thrives on variety. If you're like me, you embrace your neighborhood and spend time held up in the cafes, bars, bookstores, and shops. Exploring the constant rotation of hot spots is part of Plateau living. Between locals and tourists, and the ever-evolving number of restaurants and bars, the face of the neighborhood has no defining features. But the opposite is true of Mile-End. The small area and the students who live there grow to rely on the long ago established businesses like the old ABC bike shop on Parc Avenue that has been around since our grandparents were born. As I have always compared them, I still believe it's true, that living in the Plateau is similar to living in New York City, and living in Mile-End is similar to living in Brooklyn. 

For the most part, choosing to live in the Plateau area or the Mile-End area depends upon language restrictions and personal lifestyle options. You are also choosing between riding your bike versus walking to the grocery store. You are choosing between seedy and hip versus artsy and homey. Between cosmo and - dare I say - country.

Though the differences are notable to me, one similarity remains constant - both neighborhoods continue to attract a body of students. The thing is to find your place within that borough.  Where you live is as influential as the material in your textbooks during your academic years.

The Lachine Canal is a man-made waterway built in 1825 in order to facilitate shipping and trade to the factories along its shores. The closure of the canal in 1970 caused deterioration of the passage, as well as surrounding area, factories and buildings. A revitalization project undertaken in 2002 has allowed the canal to find new life and for the public to experience this piece of national heritage through recreational activities. The continued improvement of the area will cause economic growth and stability; however, pollution of the waterways due to increased boating and use should be closely monitored.

The Lachine Canal was suggested in 1670 in order to bypass the rapids between Lachine and Montreal. The canal was to serve factories and industries "that would power the Canadian economy for more than a century" (Hamilton). However, the canal was not completed until 1825 due to delays and disruptions to construction.

"Industries were attracted to the canal from the mid-19th century because of its proximity to the port of Montreal, the amount of shipping it handled and the hydraulic power resulting from the drop in ground level occurring over the entire set of locks." (Management plan)

The canal was the center of industries to use hydraulic power and have transportations access. There were two expansions of the canal, one in 1843 and one in 1875. The first was to accommodate larger steam vessels and the explosion of industries along the canal. The second was to increase volume in order to compete with the American market.

The use of the canal decreased when the St Lawrence Seaway opened in 1959. Many companies made the switch to the seaway and "developers filled several basins [of the canal] with soil excavated for the metro system" (Gedeon). The existing bike path was implemented at this time, "which became the most popular in Canada with more than 750,000 users" (London).

The canal was finally shut down in 1970 when companies along the bank switched to rail transport. By the end of 1980, most of the industries closed down. The closure of the canal meant lost jobs and left the surrounding burrows to degenerate. The canal itself fell into disrepair. "The dormant canal turned into a dumpsite for discarded furnishing and lives...people knew better than to stroll the desolate shores after dark" (Gedeon).

Plans for the revitalization of the Lachine Canal were announced in 1997. In 1999, a study by the Quebec Marine Trade Association advocated for using the canal for recreational boating and as a central part of the canal's restoration project. It claimed that " boating adds a dimension which considerably increases the attractiveness of riverside areas for visitors and recreational and tourist activities; this visual marine presence will contribute to increasing value of real-estate investments, and will improve business activity" and "the restoration of the canal's original function and purpose is fundamental to maintaining the canal's integrity as a heritage site." (8)

A study was conducted in 1996 called the Lachine canal decontamination project in order to determine if sediment that had settled at the bottom of the locks posed a health risk to users. It was deemed that the speed of the boats would not disturb the sediment and that its removal was costly and unnecessary. The report concluded with a recommendation to not decontaminate the sediments, nothing that "no significant environmental gain would be obtained by the decontamination" (64) and that "there are certain advantages to not decontaminating the sediments, notably allowing the development of the canal to proceed without further delay" (Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency 66).

CURRENT SITUATION

In 2002 "more than $100 million of public investments allowed the reopening of the canal to boating and served as a catalyst for the revitalization of Montreal's Southwest District." (London 33). As quoted in Hamilton, "most Montrealers never realized there was water there. It was like discovering pyramids under the sand."

The improvement of the canal for boating has shown to be worth it; "approximately 10.5 million Canadian adults went boating at least once during 2011." ("Nautical Activities"). An area once the center of commercial shipping has shown to be perfect for recreational boating. "The fact that boats will once again travel the canal is of symbolic importance, but more significant is the life being breathed into adjacent neighbourhoods." (Hamilton).

The canal is now a popular public space for all different types of events and activities. There are constantly events aimed at celebrating the rich history of the area and promoting it to the public. In an article titled "The Lachine Canal: The Heart of Montreal" in June 2012, a list of activities offered to celebrate 100 years of the canal included:
- Audio walking tours
- GPS tours
- Learn to camp workshops
- Guided boat tours

The bike path continues to be a popular destination, and with the introduction of programs like Bixi, the pay-as-you-go bike rental service, it will continue to be a viable option for both commuting and recreation.

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE

The Lachine Canal Revitalization Project continues with the revitalization of the surrounding urban areas. "More than $300 million worth of projects are already built, under construction or approved" (London).

The possibilities of renewal in the Lachine Canal area itself and its effects on Quebec and Canada are numerous and should be considered. The canal is used in many ways to raise awareness for historic preservation as well as ecological responsibility.

In February of 2012, Montreal artist Scott MacLeod facilitated a snow art installation in order to "explore the history of the Lachine Canal and raise awareness for the My Parks Pass Program" (Student "Art Mob"). The My Parks Pass program is "designed to help students explore and learn at Parks Canada's natural and cultural heritage places" (www.parkscanada.ca), and it is supported by The Historica-Dominion Institute, Parks Canada and Nature Canada.

Route Bleue du Grand Montreal is another excellent resource for ways to enjoy the waterways surrounding Montreal. Part of the St. Lawrence Water Trail project, Route Bleue maps out routes for people to navigate the Saint-Laurent River, Saint-Louis Lake, the Lachine Canal, Riviere des Prairies and the La Prairie basin using canoes and non-motorized crafts. A local teacher, David Hill, used this tool to plan a 5 day excursion for his students. "Hill says he hopes the trip will raise awareness about preserving natural resources and using them in an environmentally sustainable way" (Edson). Unfortunately, Hill and his students found that there was garbage and other signs of pollution along their route.

The increase in use of the canal and surrounding waterways has benefitted the economy and local area. However, it raises an important issue of cleaning up and maintaining the environment for current and future generations. Despite the positive impact of the revitalization, there are still steps to be taken to ensure sustainability of the canal and waterways.
 

WORKS CITED

Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency. Lachine Canal Decontamination Project. Report of the Joint Environmental Assessment Panel. Canada. September 1996. Print.

Edson, Kristina. "Canoe expedition highlights Montreal's waterways." Journal L'Etoile. July 12 2011. Web. Sept. 2012.

Gedeon, Julie. "History's floodgate: The Lachine Canal reopens." The Beaver 82.4 (2002): 38-42. CBCA Complete. Web. Sept. 2012.

London, Mark. "Heritage Preservation and the Lachine Canal Revitalization Project."

Marine Trade Association. Study of Pleasure-Boating in Quebec and its Development Potential in the Greater Montreal Area. Canada. Sept 23 1999.

"Nautical activities are booming in Quebec - Economic impact of %5.8 billion and over 2.5 million adults went boating last year". Canada NewsWire. Feb 2012. CBCA Complete. Web 2012.

Parks Canada. www.myparkspass.ca. Canada. Web. 2012.

Parks Canada. Lachine Canal: National Historic Site of Canada. Management Plan. Canada. Print. 2004

www.routebleue.com. "The Blue Road of Greater Montreal to Discover Montreal and the South Shore." Web. 2012.

"Student "Art Mob" Takes Over the Lachine Canal." Canada NewsWire. 2012. CBCA Complete. Web. Sept 2012.

"The Lachine Canal in the Heart of Montreal." PR NewsWire. June 2011. CBCA Complete. Web. Sept 2012.

Poverty, grimy and crime describe Montreal borough Hochelaga-Maisonneuve or HOMA, the eastern part of Montreal.The purpose of this backgrounder is simply to shed light on the clandestine features of the borough's past, present and prospective future. The first section entitled "History" will describe the industrial roots of the district. The second part "Now" will analyze the current politcal and residential . Finally, the piece will summarize the "Future Implications"  will define what the government has promised to provide HoMa with in the near future.

(Olympic Stadium located in Hochelaga-Maisonneuve. Photo credit: Wikipedia)

HISTORY

Since the mid 1800s, Hochelaga-Maisonneuve has been described as an industrial region, due to the many manufacturing companies including several cotton, textile and tobacco factories, as well as the Canadian Northern Railway. These manufacturers rmain an important part of the district to this day. For example, Lantic sugar factory, which was originally the St. Lawrence Sugar Factory in the early 1900s ("Neighbourhood Hochelaga-Maisonneuve"). Actually, Lantic Sugar generated quite a brawl this summer. The company intended to demolish part of the factory, but according to Heritage Montreal it should be preserved as a historical symbol (Heritage Montreal).

(St Lawrence Sugar Refinery in 1912. Photo Credit:© McCord Museum, © Héritage Montréal)

At a time where manufacturing was precedential, this traditionally French-Canadian population became a thriving village. It was during this period that the erected a series of lavish buildings and exquisite streets like Pie-IX boulevard in Maisonneuve ("Neighbourhood Hochelaga-Maisonneuve").

Successively, like many prosperous towns, while increasing its architectural attractions and buildings Maisonneuve also increased its unsettled fees. Sadly, this borough did not fair too well in the years that ensued the First World War, in the same way that the Great Depression hit most industrialized areas. In fact, the town accumulated an 18 million dollar debt and for this reason  merged with the city of Montreal in 1918 ("Neighbourhood Hochelaga-Maisonneuve").

Despite Hochelga-Maisonneuve' outstanding debts, the burgeoning city of Montreal continued constructing industrial sectors in, even at the expense of residential housing in the region. Additionally, costly expenditures, like the creation of the Olympic Stadium, which is to this the second most expensive stadium ever made (Egan), discouraged people's standpoint of area. In the upcoming years Hochelaga-Maisonneuve seemed to be a moribund area (Lord). Indeed, Hochelaga-Maisonneuve was not a desirable place to live, as several Montrealers revealed in an interview. Benoit Grenier, a swimming coach at the Olympic Stadium and is who looking to buy a condo in the HoMA, said laughing: "...a few of years ago? No way. No way would I have considered moving here." 

NOW

Today, Hochelaga-Maisonneuve maintains its industrialized representation. Firstly, many factories and important businesses are located in this eastern part of Montreal. For instance, the Olympic Park, which is undoubtedly Montreal's most important touristic feature. Despite the grueling thirty years that it took Montrealer's to pay off the 1.5 billion $ debt, "close to 100 million people have visited the Olympic Park or attended an event since 1976" ("Frequently Asked Questions": Rio). Moreover, HoMa's population is labelled as a "working-class" society and can be identified as Quebecois. Have voted for the Parti Quebecois, PQ in the past five elections ("Hochelaga-Maisonneuve - Quebec Votes 2012": CBC). In this year's provincial election 45.10% of the disctrict's population voted in favor of the PQ and 23.69% voted for Quebec Solidaire, QS. Both of these parties, QS and PQ,  share the same views on students' tuition fees and Quebec's distinctive character. This emphasizes the stance of a district that voted in favor for the separation of Quebec in the 1995 referendum ("Hochelaga-Maisonneuve - Quebec Votes 2012": CBC).

(Leader of the PQ, Pauline Marois, being accompanied off stage. Photo credit: Calgary Herald)

Structurally, HOMA is developing into a more "habitable" neighborhood. The building of many new chic condos, up-and-coming restaurants and coffee houses illustrate this. Specifically, condos are being constructed all around the region and the condos are significantly cheaper in Hochelaga-Maisonneuve compared to other competing places on the island of Montreal ("Condo Homa"). Another central facet of Hochelaga Maisonneuve is its accessibility. Almost always can one find easy access to a bus, metro or bike path. This demonstrates how Hochelaga-Maisonneuve is environmentally friendly and feasibly an avant-garde borough. In fact, Hochelaga-Maisonneuve became the first district in Montreal deemed to be a "fair-trade" society: a village, town or borough, that constantly bases everyday decisions with the forethought of free trade (Beaudin).

Additionally, the emergence of restaurants, cafes and eateries in the area shows how HoMa may be shifting towards a trendier future. For example, one of the newest hotspots in HOMA is HocheCafe and it arguably serves the best grilled-cheese sandwiches in Montreal. This cannot go without mentioning that their homemade salads, baked goods and a selection of velvety coffees are simply delectable.

(Surf n' Turf at Les Canailles. Photo Credit: Les Canailles)

Another example is the bring-your-own-wine restaurant is Les Canailles, which was created merely a year ago (Chesterman). This restaurant has been described by foodies as surprisingly good since it is not in a popular area (Chesterman).

Ultimately, like many well-to-do boroughs Hochelaga-Maisonneuve offers various services (Leduc, and Thériault Faust 1-49). The following list names but a few of these go-to places.

• Libraries; Langelier, Hochelaga, Maisonneuve, Mericier
• Cultural centers: Maisonneuve & Mercier cultural centers
• Sports and recreation centers; the YMCA, the Olympic Stadium, ProGym
• Parks; including Maisonneuve Park
• Maisonneuve Fresh Market  

FUTURE IMPLICATONS

In 2009, the city of Montreal and the bourough of Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, collaborated and formed a mandate, which described the initative steps that the government was prepared take in order to change Hochelaga's daunty reputation. This comprises the proceeding goals:

• Improving the relationship between HoMa's business and residential areas.
• Increasing the building and quality of residential buildings
• Encouraging tree and plant protection while maintaining an appealing living space
• Creating and maintaining activity, sports and culture infrastructures
• Protecting and promoting of historical & heritage areas
• Improving cycling paths, pedestrian paths and keep peace in residential areas
• Encouraging the residents of the borough to identify with one another.

(Leduc, and Thériault Faust 1-49)

If the municipal government can hold to these promises, perhaps these undertones that connected to Hochelaga-Maisonneuve will finally disintegrate; perhaps.

WORKS CITED

"Neighbourhood Hochelaga-Maisonneuve." Montreal Insites. Heritage Montreal, n.d. Web. 20 Sept. 2012. 

Heritage Montreal. Demolition of the Sucre Lantic Cooperage. Heritage Montreal. Natalie Kaiser, 12 June 2012. Web. 19 Sept. 2010.  

Egan, Andrew. "World's Most Expensive Stadiums." Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 08 June 2008. Web. 25 Sept. 2012.

Lord, Denis. "Hochelaga-Maisonneuve - Revitalisation." Le Devoir.com. Le Devoir, 11 Oct. 2003. Web. 25 Sept. 2012.

Grenier, Benoit. Personal Interview. 22 Sept. 2012.

"Frequently Asked Questions" RIO. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2012.

"Hochelaga-Maisonneuve - Quebec Votes 2012." CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada, n.d. Web.18 Sept. 2012. 

"Condo Homa". GuideHabitation.ca. Guide Habitation, n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2012.

Beaudin, Monique. "Fair Trade Fair in Hochelaga Maisonneuve This Weekend." Fair Trade Fair in Hochelaga Maisonneuve This Weekend. The Gazette, 12 May 2010. Web.19 Sept. 2012. 

Facebook handle (Les Canailles). Facebook.com. n.d.. Web.  22 Sept. 2012.  

Chesterman, Lesley. "Fine Dining: Les Canailles." n.d.: n. pag. Montrealgazette.com.The Gazette, 27 Sept. 2011. Web. 20 Sept. 2012.

Leduc, Ivon, and Lyn Thériault Faust. Montreal. Arrondisement de Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve. Plan d'urbanisme de Montréal:Partie II Chapitre 14. Montreal: City of Montreal, 2009. Web.